Guidelines for the use of animals and humans in research

All research involving human participants or animals must comply with recognized ethical standards and institutional or national regulations. Authors must state that ethical approval was obtained and confirm informed consent where applicable.

• Animals participants: Research must follow the ARRIVE guidelines and relevant laws (e.g., EU Directive 2010/63/EU, U.S. Animal Welfare Act). Authors must report: Approval from an IACUC or equivalent body, Details on animal welfare practices, and adherence to the (3Rs principle: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement).
• Human participants: Studies must follow the Declaration of Helsinki and local ethics committee requirements. Authors must report: The name of the approving IRB/Ethics Committee and approval number, Confirmation of informed consent, Additional safeguards for vulnerable populations, and Written consent for any identifiable personal information.